Iraq

EITI Status Yet to be assessed against the 2016 Standard
EITI Member Since 2012
Latest Data From 2015
Website EITI Iraq

Overview

Through its 80 known oil fields, Iraq is estimated to have almost 10% of the world’s proven reserves (143 billion barrels) and 2% of the world’s natural gas reserves, making it the largest EITI implementing country by oil and gas reserves. The Rumaila and West Qurna fields together hold more proven oil reserves than the entire United States. According to the International Energy Agency, Iraq has the potential to earn USD 5 trillion in oil revenues between 2013 and 2035. For the same time period, it is estimated that Iraq will provide 45% of global production growth and become the world's second largest exporter of oil. Internal conflict and cut-backs in investment due to low oil prices are among the factors hampering Iraq's ability to reach this potential.

In Baghdad-administered Iraq, the industry is completely state-owned, with the oil marketing company SOMO selling crude to 40 accredited international companies on behalf of four producing companies, South Oil Company, North Oil Company, Missan Oil Company and Midland Oil Company. According to the latest IEITI Report, over 2.1 million barrels per day were produced in 2014. The eleven international Technical Service Contracts (TSCs) that have been signed hold the promise of a total production of over 13 million barrels per day. If this figure were ever achieved, Iraq would become the largest oil producer in the world. The current goal of the Ministry of Oil is to reach a production capacity of 7 million barrel per day by 2020.

The semi-autonomous Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) has a series of production sharing agreements with international companies.

All officially exported oil from Iraq, including from Kurdistan, goes through the Iraq-Turkey pipeline with ports at Basra and Ceyhan (in Turkey). Any oil in that pipeline is the property of SOMO, the Iraqi state-owned oil company. 

Iraq's state-owned oil marketing company SOMO
Mechanisms of contracting and executing crude oil export agreements
Iraq's Ministry of Oil

News, blogs and more

Tax and legal framework

Iraq's natural resources are governed by a uniquely centralized structure where the government through the Ministry of Oil owns, produces, transports, sells and accounts for all the oil produced and exported or used domestically. Article 111 in the Iraqi Constitution sets the legal foundation for the development of the sector, noting that "oil and gas are owned by all the people of Iraq in all the regions and governorates.” Article 112, calls for a balanced distribution of oil revenues throughout the country to be regulated by a specific law. In the absence of said law, Article 110 gives the Federal Government exclusive authority to determine foreign sovereign economic and trade policy, in addition to “regulating commercial policy across regional and governorate boundaries within Iraq.”

In the absence of a law as prescribed by Article 112 of the Constitution to determine a national energy strategy, a series of short term agreements were made between 2009 and November 2014 to govern the relationship between the Federal Government and the KRG in terms of oil and gas production. There is currently no law regulating private investment in solid minerals.

The fiscal framework is correspondingly limited to a corporate income tax for International Oil Companies operating under so-called Technical Service Contracts that shall not exceed 35% of the remuneration they receive for their services. This is specified in the Technical Service Contracts used in Iraq's four licensing rounds to date.

Production

Natural resources

Iraq has approximately 9.5% of the world’s proven oil reserves (143,069 million barrels) and major natural gas reserves (at least 3,158 BCM, estimated to be 5% of the world total). In spite of this potential, production over the last decade has been relatively low at around 2.0 - 2.4 million barrels per day due to the ongoing violence.

In addition to Iraq’s oil and gas resources, it possesses some of the world’s richest reserves of sulfur and phosphate as well as other minerals. The 2014 IEITI states that the  Ministry of Industry and Minerals (MIM) of Iraq estimates the proved phosphate reserves in the country to be 9,529,090,000 metric tons (Gt) - among the top-ten largest reserves in the world. The mining sector is not currently developed, however, and the IEITI Report does not register any revenues to the government from the sector.

CommodityReservesUnitSignificance
Oil143billion barrelsapprox. 9.5% of aggreagate oil reserves in the world
Gas3.6trillion cubic meters
Phosphate9.5million metric tonnes
2014 IEITI Report and BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2015

Oil and gas production

Initializing chart.

Revenue collection

Oil and gas revenues for 2014 amounted to USD 70.9 billion, primarily from crude oil sales to 40 international crude oil buyers. Although total production has increased over the last few years, revenues peaked in 2012 and have since fallen due to the internal conflict and lack of investment in infrastructure.

 

OPEC’s second largest producer sees its revenues fall

Initializing chart.

Reconciled revenues by company

Revenue allocation

Iraq's natural resources are 100% state-owned. The state-owned enterprise SOMO sells oil and gas on behalf of the state. 95% of revenues from the sale of oil and gas are deposited in the UN-mandated Development Fund for Iraq at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The DFI is managed by the Central Bank of Iraq on behalf of the Ministry of Finance. The remaining 5% are deposited in the United Nations Compensation Fund in accordance with UNSCR 1483 (2003).

Iraq's 2012 EITI Report

Policy recommendations and reforms

Iraq’s national oil companies are audited by the Iraqi Board of Supreme Audit (BSA) based on local Iraqi accounting standards. When originally developed in the 1980s, these standards were based on International Accounting Standards (IAS). Since then the BSA’s standards have been updated, but not in accordance with the IAS. During the course of reconciling differences for the first IEITI Report, the Independent Administrator found that differences in the accounting standards created an “understanding gap between national oil companies as compared with the industry practice”.

All of Iraq EITI’s reports recommend that “National Oil Companies should be audited in accordance with International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards”.

The EITI reports also recommend that buyers provide their audited financial statements yearly to the state’s oil marketing company, SOMO, to ensure that these are in fact available upon request. The Government of Iraq has not yet implemented these recommendations.

Innovations

The EITI encourages multi-stakeholder groups to explore innovative approaches to make the EITI more relevant and useful.

  • Report covers export sales of oil, disaggregated by buying company.
  • Report includes detailed production figures and a chapter on mining in Iraq.

Implementation

In an unprecedented gathering of civil society representatives from all over the country, Iraq EITI refreshed part of its multi-stakeholder group in December 2014.

On February 2014 Iraq EITI submitted a request for adapted implementation, being unable to guarantee the comprehensive disclosure of material payments collected by the KRG. The Board agreed with the request.

Following protracted negotiations between the IEITI and the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG), the Iraq EITI produced an update of its 2010 report in May 2013, including a chapter on Kurdistan’s oil and gas production and revenues from exports, assessed by the Supreme Audit Board.

On 9 August 2012 the Iraq EITI Council agreed a final Validation report. The EITI Board declared Iraq compliant on 12 December 2012.

The first EITI Report covering 2009 was published in December 2011. The 2009 EITI Report covered export sales of all officially exported oil from Iraq, including from Kurdistan, which go through the Iraq-Turkey pipeline with ports at Basra and Ceyhan (in Turkey). Any oil in that pipeline is the property of SOMO, the Iraqi state-owned oil company. 

Iraq was accepted as an EITI Candidate country by the Board on 10 February 2010.

Timeline

Validation

Iraq’s Validation against the Standard will commence on 1 January 2017. The country is compliant under the 2011 Rules.

EITI Reports and other key documents

2015 Iraq EITI Report

Published Date: 
November, 2016

This report summarizes the results of the Iraq EITI reconciliation processes and provides information pertaining to the Oil and Gas Sector and the Extractive Industries in Iraq.

It does not include reconciliation of data related to the extractive industries (including oil & gas) in Kurdistan Region. This data was requested from the Kurdistan Regional Government but it was not provided, however, IEITI Stakeholder Council has requested the inclusion of information about the extractive industry in KRG based on publicly available information.

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Iraq 2014 EITI Report

Iraq 2014 EITI Report

Published Date: 
April, 2016
Publisher: 
Iraq EITI

This report summarizes the results of these reconciliation processes, in addition to, information pertaining to the Oil and Gas Sector and the Extractive Industries in Iraq.

It does not include reconciliation of data related to the extractive industries (including oil & gas) in Kurdistan Region. This data was requested from the Kurdistan Regional Government but it was not provided, however, IEITI Stakeholder Council has requested the inclusion of information about the extractive industry in KRG based on publicly available information.

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2013 Iraq EITI Report

Published Date: 
December, 2015
Publisher: 
Iraq EITI

This EITI Report covers Iraq's extractive sector in 2013. It was published in December 2015. 

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View all documents related to Iraq in our publications library

Contacts

National Coordinator

International Secretariat

Pablo Valverde

p.valverde
Regional director
pvalverde@eiti.org

Pablo is Regional Director at the EITI International Secretariat working with the Middle East and North Africa and Anglo/Lusophone West Africa.

Prior to joining the EITI he was Senior Advisor at the Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government

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Eddie Rich EITI

Eddie Rich

eddierich1
Deputy Head and Regional Director for Africa and the Middle East
erich@eiti.org

EITI responsibilities: Africa and Middle East.  Oversight for finance, human resources, communications, and the Global conferences.

Eddie Rich has been Deputy Head of the EITI since the International Secretariat was established in 2007.

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